Evaluation of the presence of avian influenza receptors in oviducts of forced moulting birds using immunofluorescence

Main Article Content

Elizabeth Castillo-Villanueva
Félix Sanchez-Godoy
Magdalena Escorcia

Abstract

Veterinaria México OA
ISSN: 2448-6760

Cite this as:

  • Castillo Villanueva E, Sanchez Godoy F, Escorcia M. Evaluation of the presence of avian influenza receptors in oviducts of forced moulting birds using immunofluorescence. Veterinaria México OA. 2017;4(1). doi: 10.21753/vmoa.4.1.416.

During the 2012 highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak in Mexico caused by the H7N3 subtype, infection led to the death of approximately 22 million laying hens. Thus, poultry farmers were faced with a challenge to ensure the continued commercial flow of eggs. In addition to implementing established sanitary protocols and vaccination programs, forced moulting management was utilized in the affected areas. This strategy guaranteed the maintenance of egg production in the quarantined areas by decreasing the mortality of the infected flock while re-stimulating egg production. To understand how forced moulting reduced mortality of the infected birds, we examined the distribution of the avian influenza receptor in the oviduct of hens subjected to forced moulting. We tested if changes in the reproductive tract caused by forced moulting generated a decrease in the expression of the specific virus receptor in the cell membranes. Host susceptibility to the influenza virus was determined by the presence of these specific receptors. We utilized immunofluorescence of the Maackia amurensis lectin to identify the presence of the virus receptor in histological sections of the oviducts of birds in egg production and birds undergoing forced moulting. The results showed the presence and distribution of the receptors for avian influenza. A strong signal of the receptor was observed in the histological sections of the oviducts of birds in egg production. Conversely, the signal was low in the oviducts of birds undergoing forced moulting. These results demonstrate a decrease in the number of receptors of birds subjected to forced moulting. A lack of receptors would affect virus infection and replication as well as virus-induced damage in the oviduct, which may help explain the observation in the field that birds infected with avian influenza and subjected to forced moulting have decreased mortality.

Figure 2. A. Abundant amount of influenza-like receptors, labelled with apple-green fluorescence, on the apical region of the ciliated cylindrical pseudostratified epithelium of the uterine region of healthy hens in production. Bar: 100 µm. B. Influenza-like receptors (arrows), marked by apple-green fluorescence, located on the epithelial cells of the glandular ducts of the magnum region of healthy hens in production. Bar: 100 µm C. Histological section of birds in forced moulting. The influenza virus receptor, labelled with apple-green fluorescence, is localized in the apical area of the mucosal epithelium; the fluorescence intensity is lower than the intensities shown in Figures 2A and 2B. Bar: 100 µm.
Keywords:
avian influenza immunofluorescence forced moulting oviduct egg production.

Article Details

Author Biographies

Elizabeth Castillo-Villanueva, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Ciudad Universitaria, No. 3000, Col. Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, Cd. de México, 04510.

Félix Sanchez-Godoy, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Ciudad Universitaria, No. 3000, Col. Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, Cd. de México, 04510.

Magdalena Escorcia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Ciudad Universitaria, No. 3000, Col. Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, Cd. de México, 04510.

References

Organización Mundial de la Salud Anima [OIE]. Update on avian influenza Paris, France: OIE; 2012 [Available from: www.oie.int/en/animal-health-in-the-world/update-on-avian-influenza/2012/.

Diario Oficial de la Federación. Acuerdo Sanitario para la Erradicación de Influenza Aviar de Alta Patogenicidad H7N3. In: SAGARPA, editor. México D F: Secretaría de Gobernación; 2013.

Organización Mundial de la Salud Animal [OIE]. Update on avian influenza Paris, France: OIE; 2013 [Available from: http://www.oie.int/es/sanidad-animal-en-el-mundo/actualizacion-sobre-la-influenza-aviar/2013/.

Kapczynski DR, Patin-Jackwood M, Guzman SG, Ricardez Y, Spackmen E, Bertran K, et al. Characterization of the 2012 highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N3 virus isolated from poultry in an outbreak in Mexico: Pathobiology and vaccine protection. J Virol. 2013;87(16):9086-96. doi:10.1128/JVI.00666-13.

Fouchier RA, Kawaoka Y, Cardona C, Compans RW, García-Sastre A, Govorkova EA, et al. Gain-of-function experiments on H7N9. Science. 2013;341(6146):612-3. doi:10.1126/science.341.6146.612.

Skehel JJ, Wiley DC. Receptor binding and membrane fusion in virus entry: The influenza hemagglutinin. Annu Rev Biochem. 2000;69:531-69. doi: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.69.1.531.

Sassaki GL, Elli S, Rudd TR, Macchi E, Yates EA, Naggi A, et al. Human (α2,6) and avian (α2,3) sialylated receptors of Influenza A virus show distinct conformations and dynamics in solution. Biochemistry. 2013;52:7217-30. doi:10.1021/bi400677n.

INEGI. Índice Nacional de Precios al Consumidor. In: Geografía INdEy, editor.México D. F.2016.

Sariözkan S, Güclü BK, Kara K, Gürcan S. Comparison of different molting methods and evaluation of the effects of postmolt diets supplemented with humate and carnitine on performance, egg quality, and profitability of laying hens. J App Poult Res. 2013;22(4):689-99. doi: 10.3382/japr.2012-00612.

Bell DD. Historical and current molting practices in the U.S. table egg industry. Poult Sci. 2003;82:965–70.

Organización Mundial de la Salud Animal [OIE]. Update on avian influenza Paris, France: OIE; 2016 [Available from: www.oie.int/en/animal-health-in-the-world/update-on-avian-influenza/2016/.

Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Norma Oficial Mexicana. Especificaciones técnicas para la producción, cuidado y uso de los animales de laboratorio. México D F: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; 2014.

Prophet EB, Mills B, Arrington JB, Sobin LH. Laboratory Methods in Histotechnology (Armed Forces Institute of Pathology). Washington D C, USA: American Registry of Pathology; 1992. 279 p.

França M, Stallknecht DE, Howerth EW. Expression and distribution of sialic acid influenza virus receptors in wild birds. Avian Pathol. 2013;42(1):60-71. doi:10.1080/03079457.2012.759176.

Eroschenko VP, Wilson WO. Histological changes in the regressing reproductive organs of sexually mature male and female Japanese quail. Biol Reprod. 1974;11:168-79.

Wang JY, Chen ZL, Li CS, Cao X, Wang R, Tang C, et al. The distribution of sialic acid receptors of avian influenza virus in the reproductive tract of laying hens. Molecular and Cellular Probes. 2015;29:129-34. doi: 10.1016/j.mcp.2015.01.002.

García A, Johnson H, Srivastava DK, Jayawardene DA, Wehr DR, Webster RG. Efficacy of inactivated H5N2 influenza vaccines against lethal A/Chicken/Queretaro/19/95infection. Avian Dis. 1998;42(2):248-56.